The Philosophical Meaning of Hexagram 8: Bǐ (比) – The Union Hexagram
The character Bǐ (比) in its original meaning refers to things that are close to each other. Its form depicts two people close together, side by side, indicating proximity and connection, much like how fish scales overlap in rows (鱗次栉比, lín cì zhì bǐ).
Bǐ not only refers to unity and mutual support between individuals but also represents the relationship between nations. For example, in the Zhou Lǐ (周礼, Rituals of Zhou), there is a phrase that says “dà guó bǐ xiǎo guó” (大国比小国), meaning that great nations should be close to small ones. However, in the context of the Bǐ Hexagram, it primarily discusses the relationships of proximity, mutual support, and alliances formed through both peaceful cooperation and military action.
The Bǐ Hexagram comes after the Shī (师, Army) Hexagram in the I Ching. The sequence is explained as: “Where there are many, there must be unity, so the Bǐ Hexagram follows.” Shī refers to the masses, and as people grow in number, they inevitably come closer together. Hence, the Bǐ Hexagram follows. The Zá Guà (杂卦, Miscellaneous Hexagrams) commentary says: “Bǐ is joyful, Shī is anxious,” meaning that while the Bǐ Hexagram symbolizes joy, the Shī Hexagram represents worry.
The Xiàng (象, Image) commentary states: “There is water on the earth, Bǐ. The ancient kings used this to build the nations and to unite the feudal lords.”
Imagery of the Bǐ Hexagram
The Bǐ Hexagram consists of Kǎn (坎, Water) above and Kūn (坤, Earth) below. The image of water on earth perfectly illustrates the meaning of the hexagram: water, which moves and flows across the earth, moistens the ground and nourishes all living things. This is akin to a ruler who governs the land with compassion, benefiting the people. When the people and the ruler are united in purpose, the ruler governs with diligence, always remaining vigilant even in peaceful times. This hexagram conveys a sense of harmony and joy.
Interpretation from Duàn Yì Tiān Jī (断易天机, The Secrets of the I Ching)
The Bǐ Hexagram consists of Kǎn above and Kūn below, making it the Kūn palace return soul hexagram. Bǐ represents mutual reliance and attachment, and when this relationship is maintained over time, it brings no misfortune, leading to good fortune.
Interpretation from Shao Yong (Northern Song Dynasty)
Water flows across the land, and mutual affection brings happiness. People are naturally kind and cooperative, which leads to a worry-free life.
Interpretation from Fu Pei-Rong (Taiwanese I Ching Scholar)
- Timing: There will be widespread congratulations and great honor.
- Wealth: Good people will support you, bringing significant financial success.
- Home & Family: A long-lasting, harmonious union.
- Health: Be cautious of water retention; seek treatment early.
Traditional Analysis of the Bǐ Hexagram
This hexagram consists of two trigrams stacked together: Kūn (Earth) and Kǎn (Water). Earth receives water, and they support each other in close harmony. This creates an interdependent and intimate relationship. Unlike the Shī Hexagram, which emphasizes conflict and military action, the Bǐ Hexagram highlights cooperation, openness, and mutual support. The idea is one of cooperation without selfishness, marked by sincere unity.
- Xiàng (象, Image) states: “One yang rules over five yin, forming a picture of harmony and mutual support.”
General Meaning
- Fortune: Smooth and harmonious, it is favorable for gaining the support of noble persons. Quick action is important; don’t delay.
- Career: Success is assured with the help of others. Approach tasks with sincerity and trust, and you will achieve your goals.
- Business: Your wishes are achievable, and significant profits are likely. Cooperation and sincerity in business dealings are crucial. However, beware of greed, or an overly self-centered approach, as this may lead to losses.
- Reputation: Success is achievable, but it depends not only on your efforts but also on the recognition and nurturing of others.
- Love and Relationships: A harmonious and loyal partnership, with the possibility of lifelong happiness.
- Decision-Making: Kind-hearted, trustworthy, and diligent in your work, you will achieve your dreams. However, be cautious about who you associate with, as a bad influence can lead to trouble.
Philosophical Meaning of the First Line of the Bǐ Hexagram
Yǒu fú bǐ zhī (有孚比之): This line speaks of using sincerity and trust to foster harmonious relationships with neighboring states or to adopt policies that attract neighboring states to form alliances.
Yǒu fú yíng fǒu (有孚盈缶): The word fǒu (缶) refers to an ancient type of pottery jar. This phrase suggests that one’s sincerity and trustworthiness are like wine overflowing from a wine jar—abundant and generous.
The first line, Chū liù (初六), is situated at the very bottom of the Bǐ Hexagram, within the Kūn (坤) trigram, representing Earth. It is the furthest from the Jiǔ wǔ (九五) position, and the line is yīn (阴) in a yáng (阳) position, symbolizing a misalignment or improper placement. This implies a softer, weaker character, lacking strength but inclined toward seeking help or alliances. The first line’s situation, being at the very base, symbolizes someone in need of support and relying on friendships with those in stronger positions.
In Bǐ Hexagram, where all the yīn lines follow and trust the yáng Jiǔ wǔ (九五) line, this line, Chū liù, connects with the Jiǔ wǔ in a favorable, close relationship. This is particularly auspicious, symbolizing an ideal moment for forming supportive friendships.
For those who draw this line, the desire for success is strong, with a tendency to pursue material gains and tangible benefits. However, due to a weaker constitution, there is a natural inclination to rely on others. In such cases, it’s crucial to approach relationships with sincerity and integrity in order to reach the desired goal. Sincerity becomes the key to success in personal interactions, and this principle is summed up in the ancient saying: “A person without loyalty and trust cannot stand in the world” (rén wú zhōng xìn, bù kě lì yú shì 人无忠信，不可立于世).
Therefore, those who receive this line should prioritize integrity in all their relationships, whether trying to rely on others or seeking to attract others’ trust. Mutual reliance based on sincerity will ultimately lead to good fortune.
Chū liù is at the very base of the Bǐ Hexagram, and strictly speaking, cannot yet assist others. Instead, it can only make connections and form friendships. Since these friends are also committed to assisting the Jiǔ wǔ line, this arrangement brings unexpected good fortune.
Transformation of the First Line of the Bǐ Hexagram
When Chū liù moves, it transforms into Hexagram 3: Shuǐ léi zhùn (水雷屯). This is a changing hexagram formed by the combination of two yīn trigrams: Zhèn (震, Thunder) below and Kǎn (坎, Water) above. Zhèn represents movement or action, while Kǎn symbolizes danger or challenges. This hexagram suggests a turbulent situation, like the forces of thunder and rain, but despite the difficulties, if one aligns with the natural course, there is still potential for growth and success. The word zhùn (屯) originally referred to the sprouting of plants from the earth, a symbol of new beginnings filled with hardship but ultimately leading to prosperity.
Philosophical Meaning of the Second Line of the Bǐ Hexagram
In the Bǐ Hexagram, the second line, Liù èr (六二), is positioned in the middle of the lower trigram Kūn (坤), representing the Earth. While Liù èr is naturally soft and weak, its placement in the center of the Kūn trigram grants it an advantageous position. This makes it the leader of the lower trigram, a position of influence and power. The character of this leadership is not one of domination, but one of nurturing and mutual support. As the leader of the lower trigram, Liù èr strives to unite the people and form bonds of cooperation, working toward aligning with the Jiǔ wǔ (九五) ruler above. Such a relationship is highly auspicious.
Those who receive this line are encouraged to unite their team or department and work harmoniously for the greater good of the organization or group. If you are looking to form alliances or affiliate with a leader, it’s best to stay true to your heart and engage in sincere, pure relationships. In doing so, you will achieve success.
Since Liù èr is positioned in the center of the lower trigram and aligns with Jiǔ wǔ, it suggests that unity and sincerity will lead to favorable outcomes. As a leader, Liù èr can unify others and stay true to the right path while assisting the ruler above, ensuring no loss.
Transformation of the Second Line of the Bǐ Hexagram
When Liù èr moves, it transforms into Hexagram 29: Kǎn wèi shuǐ (坎为水). This hexagram consists of two Kǎn trigrams stacked on top of one another, representing danger and peril. With two layers of Kǎn, the risks multiply, but the presence of sincerity and integrity can cut through the challenges. Despite the heavy obstacles, perseverance and honesty reveal the true nature of a person’s character, allowing them to shine even in difficult times.
Philosophical Meaning of the Third Line of the Bǐ Hexagram
Fěi rén (匪人) here means “not the right person.” It refers to situations where one forms alliances with people who are not suitable or trustworthy. This line speaks to the danger of aligning oneself with unworthy or unsuitable individuals.
The third line, Liù sān (六三), is vulnerable to forming improper relationships. Situated at the end of the Kūn (坤) trigram and not yet transitioning into the upper Kǎn (坎) trigram, Liù sān finds itself in a position with no clear path. This line is caught in a situation of stagnation, symbolized by the Gèn (艮) trigram, which represents stopping or blocking. This can lead to a situation where one is unable to rely on anyone, possibly forming alliances with the wrong kind of people.
The Xiàng (象) commentary states: “Bǐ zhī fěi rén” (比之匪人), “Isn’t that a sorrowful situation?” This refers to the sadness and regret that comes from associating with inappropriate people.
For those who receive this line, it is important to carefully assess the leaders or people you are trying to rely on. It is crucial to avoid associating with those of questionable character or forming relationships with individuals whose behavior is unethical. The line warns against comparing yourself to others in unhealthy ways or becoming involved with people who lack integrity.
Liù sān is different from Liù èr, as it cannot connect with Jiǔ wǔ because of the blocking influence of Liù sì (六四) and the mutual repulsion from the top line. Instead, it faces the dangerous forces of Kǎn, represented by the water and hazards of the Kǎn trigram. The result is a troubled and untrustworthy alliance, which is described in the Xiàng as a situation that leads to sorrow.
Transformation of the Third Line of the Bǐ Hexagram
When Liù sān (六三) changes, it transforms into Hexagram 39: Shuǐ shān jiǎn (水山蹇). This hexagram is formed by the combination of two distinct trigrams: Kǎn (坎, Water) below and Gèn (艮, Mountain) above. Kǎn represents water, while Gèn represents a mountain. The image here is one of deep water and towering mountains, symbolizing numerous difficulties and obstacles in life. It’s a situation where, when faced with danger or difficulties, one must stop and be cautious—this is considered a sign of wisdom.
Philosophical Meaning of the Fourth Line of the Bǐ Hexagram
From the perspective of the hexagram, Liù sì (六四) is an Yīn (阴, passive) line positioned in a Yáng (阳, active) position, but it is in the appropriate position of humility and submission, making it a correct and fortunate placement. This line expresses characteristics of the Yīn: humility, honesty, and compliance. The external relationships or alliances formed by this line are based on pure motives, trust, and a firm belief in attaching to virtuous and noble individuals. The outcome is therefore very auspicious.
The Image (象) says: “Wài bǐ yú xián” (外比于贤), “to associate externally with the virtuous.” This means to be guided by those who hold superior positions, as only then will the results be favorable.
This means that in external relations, mutual trust and close unity should be cultivated, following the example of those in higher positions to achieve success. The idea is to follow those who are virtuous and humble in their approach, which will lead to positive results.
For those who receive this line, it suggests that they should seek to connect with people who have higher status or authority, as this will benefit them. During these interactions, one should act with openness and humility, treating others with respect and kindness. By doing so, you will gain reliable and capable friends.
Wài bǐ yú xián (外比于贤) does not necessarily mean leaving one’s hometown; it could simply mean learning from those around you, recognizing their wisdom and capabilities as a source of inspiration. The key is to learn from those you consider to be above you. This is similar to Confucius’ teaching: “Sān rén xíng, bì yǒu wǒ shī” (三人行必有我师), meaning “In a group of three, there is always someone who can be my teacher.”
For those who receive this hexagram, the advice is to seek out people with higher positions and learn from them. Also, it is important to remain humble and see the people around you as examples from whom you can learn. This will benefit you greatly.
Transformation of the Fourth Line in the Bǐ Hexagram
When Liù sì (六四) changes, it transforms into Hexagram 45: Zé dì cuì (泽地萃). This hexagram is formed by the combination of two distinct trigrams: Kūn (坤, Earth) below and Duì (兑, Lake/Marsh) above. Kūn represents Earth, symbolizing receptivity and support, while Duì represents a marsh or lake, symbolizing communication and union. The imagery here suggests that when many people come together, they may face conflict and crises. The key to success lies in following the will of Heaven, respecting the virtuous, and preparing ahead of time, as well as cultivating harmony and mutual benefit.
Cuì (萃) means gathering or uniting, emphasizing the importance of cooperation and unity in overcoming challenges.
Philosophical Meaning of the Fifth Line of the Bǐ Hexagram
The fifth line of the Bǐ Hexagram (比卦) has the following text:
Jiǔ wǔ (九五): Xiǎn bǐ (显比), Wáng yòng sān qū, shī qián qín, yì rén bù jiè, jí (王用三驱，失前禽，邑人不诫，吉).
This line is associated with the Yáng (阳) line in the central Yáng position, indicating a ruler who is balanced and firm in his leadership. Below, the lines Chū yī, Chū èr, Chū sān, and Chū sì have already submitted voluntarily, forming a cohesive group, while the highest line, Shàng liù (上六), refuses to follow and is in opposition. The ruler does not force compliance but allows things to unfold naturally.
The Image (象) says: “Xiǎn bǐ” zhī jí, wèi zhèng zhōng yě, shě nì qǔ shùn, shī qián qín yě; yì rén bù jiè, shàng shǐ zhōng yě.
This means that the ruler is successful because he follows the natural course of things. The image of a hunt is used to explain the principle of not forcing an animal to be caught when it runs into the hunter’s path but instead allowing it to be captured when it faces the net. The extension of this concept is that one should reject those who rebel and welcome those who willingly follow.
For those who receive this line, in matters of social interaction or handling relationships, the principle of “go with the flow” should be followed. Do not force anyone to stay if they wish to leave, and allow those who want to follow or befriend you to come naturally.
Transformation of the Fifth Line in the Bǐ Hexagram
When Jiǔ wǔ (九五) changes, it transforms into Hexagram 2: Kūn wéi dì (坤为地). This hexagram consists of two Kūn (坤, Earth) trigrams stacked on top of one another. Kūn symbolizes receptivity, patience, and the nurturing of all things. It contrasts with Qián (乾, Heaven) and teaches that by aligning with the way of Heaven, one can follow the right path, leading to prosperity. The Kūn hexagram emphasizes yielding, supporting, and maintaining harmony with nature. It also embodies the principle of acting humbly and taking the initiative to nurture the world around you.
Philosophical Meaning of the Sixth Line of the Bǐ Hexagram
The Shàng liù (上六) line sits at the top of the Bǐ Hexagram, where all the Yīn (阴) lines beneath it are following Jiǔ wǔ (九五). This line, however, is unable to receive the support of the others, as it is positioned too high and cannot descend to join them. It is akin to the peripheral forces of the Yīn Shāng dynasty, which were not completely wiped out after the fall of King Zhòu (纣). These peripheral forces continued to see themselves as superior to the Wǔ wáng (武王) and therefore would not ally with him. These external threats are akin to the dangers faced by Zhōu Gōng (周公) in his campaign to eliminate the remnants of the Yīn Shāng dynasty, which had to be eradicated to achieve full unification under the Western Zhōu.
Shàng liù: Bǐ zhī wú shǒu, xiōng (比之无首，凶).
Those who receive this line should take heed that beginnings without endings lead to regret. The key to success is having perseverance and commitment from beginning to end.
Transformation of the Sixth Line in the Bǐ Hexagram
When Shàng liù (上六) changes, it transforms into Hexagram 20: Fēng dì guān (风地观). This hexagram is formed by Kūn (坤, Earth) below and Xùn (巽, Wind) above, symbolizing the transmission of virtue and education. The Guān (观) hexagram, also associated with Lín (临), reflects the idea of observing the world with a sense of moral responsibility, guiding others through wisdom and virtue. This indicates that higher positions must lead with a sense of responsibility, while those beneath should respect and follow the guidance of their superiors.