The Philosophical Meaning of the 10th Hexagram “履卦” (Lǚ Hexagram) in the I Ching
The “履卦” (Lǚ Hexagram), or Hexagram 10, is formed by two stacked trigrams: the lower trigram being 兑 (Duì), representing “the marsh” or “lake,” and the upper trigram being 乾 (Qián), representing “the sky” or “heaven.” In this arrangement, Qián symbolizes the ruler or the sovereign, and Duì symbolizes the people or the citizens. The relationship between these two trigrams illustrates a hierarchical order where the ruler is above and the people are below, each in their proper place.
From the image of the hexagram, we can see that Qián represents strength and virtue, embodying the qualities of heaven, which are unmatched by Duì below it. In the natural world, this reflects the dynamic where the sky sends down rain, and the earth collects it, forming lakes or marshes. This symbolizes the natural order of things and how everything in existence follows a certain pattern of development and interaction.
The hexagram is traditionally called “Tiān Zé Lǚ” (天泽履), which can be interpreted as “Heaven and Marsh Walking.” Its structure is a direct contrast to the hexagram “Xiǎo Chù” (小畜), which has the opposite arrangement of trigrams. In the I Ching, these two hexagrams represent complementary forces that balance each other—one representing restraint, the other representing progress.
The Meaning of “履” (Lǚ) in the I Ching
The character “履” (Lǚ) originally means “to walk” or “to step,” and by extension, it refers to actions carried out with a sense of responsibility and adherence to certain rules. The term “履” also signifies “shoes,” which in ancient China were seen as a symbol of the proper way to conduct oneself, especially in terms of respecting ritual or societal norms.
As described in the “Xuè Hexagram Zhuàn” (序卦传), it says, “When material goods accumulate, there must be proper conduct, hence the use of ‘履’ (Lǚ) to signify propriety.” This association explains why “履” can be understood as the practice of ritual or etiquette—essentially, following the prescribed way of action, whether in social situations or in one’s work.
In the “Zá Hexagram” (杂卦), it is noted that “履” refers to walking forward without pausing, suggesting constant movement without stagnation. The classic Chinese dictionary, “Shuō Wén Jiě Zì” (说文解字), states that “履” is what the foot relies on—the shoe.
Thus, the central idea of “履” in the I Ching is to take steps, to walk steadily, and to always act according to the rules of propriety. It stresses that human actions must be governed by ritual to avoid chaos, representing a disciplined approach to life and personal behavior.
The Relationship Between Lǚ Hexagram and Xiǎo Chù Hexagram
The hexagram Lǚ Hexagram shares a structural similarity with Xiǎo Chù Hexagram (Hexagram 9), both featuring the same composition of one yin line and five yang lines. However, the difference lies in their positions: in Xiǎo Chù, the yin line is in the fourth position (inside the yang lines), signifying a flexible and gentle restraint that can curtail excessive force. In Lǚ Hexagram, the yin line is in the third position, residing among the yang lines, which creates a more rigid and forceful energy. As a result, the dynamics in Lǚ Hexagram are not as smooth and flexible as those in Xiǎo Chù, and the situation tends to be more confrontational.
The Wisdom of Lǚ Hexagram
The wisdom symbolized by Lǚ Hexagram can be interpreted through various symbols:
- A hat signifies accomplishment and authority.
- Broken writing or torn documents symbolizes loss or the depletion of meaning.
- A woman holding an umbrella suggests protection and care.
- A flag held by an official symbolizes leadership and a sense of direction.
In all of these interpretations, Lǚ Hexagram advises that one must act with caution and clarity in order to avoid danger and ensure success, despite any potential challenges along the way.
Interpretation of Lǚ Hexagram in Different Contexts
In the book “Duàn Yì Tiān Jī” (断易天机), Lǚ Hexagram is interpreted as a hexagram that represents the necessity of adherence to ritual and caution in one’s actions. It is a time of preparing and planning carefully before taking action, ensuring that when the time comes, one is ready for the challenges ahead, but not rushing or forcing things.
Interpretation by Shao Yong, Northern Song Dynasty
Shao Yong (邵雍), a famous scholar of the Song Dynasty, interpreted Lǚ Hexagram as a sign of unease and difficulty, where one faces a period of adversity. He advised to be humble and cautious, and to take one step at a time in dealing with challenges.
For someone receiving this hexagram during a difficult time, the advice is clear: do not rush, but proceed carefully and steadily. Success comes through gradual progress and avoiding rash decisions.
Taiwanese Scholar Fu Peirong’s Interpretation
- Fortune: Proceed step by step; do not try to rush.
- Wealth: Carefully inspect goods before selling, waiting for the right time.
- Home: Keep the household orderly and well-maintained.
- Health: Focus on restoring balance to your energy and blood flow.
Traditional Interpretation of Lǚ Hexagram
The hexagram shows an interaction between Duì (the Marsh) and Qián (Heaven), illustrating the balance between power above and the receptivity below. The original text warns, “Stepping on the tail of a tiger, but not being bitten.” This signifies that while there may be danger, as long as one treads carefully and keeps their position, they will avoid harm.
The “Dà Xiàng” (大象), or Major Symbol, notes that the situation represented by Lǚ Hexagram is one where softness meets hardness—a scenario that makes progress difficult and fraught with danger.
- Fortune: Early stages are difficult and fraught with danger, but if you proceed with caution and avoid haste, things will settle down.
- Career: Success will come only after overcoming initial difficulties, being vigilant and staying grounded.
- Business: Wait for the right time and avoid rash decisions based on short-term gains.
- Marriage: Relationships are stable when both parties accept a simple, harmonious life, but may face trouble if one partner is swayed by wealth or status.
The Lǚ Hexagram emphasizes the importance of caution, discipline, and adherence to established norms and etiquette. Success comes not from rushing but from steady, careful progress. Whether in career, relationships, or personal conduct, following a path of thoughtfulness and preparation is key to overcoming obstacles and achieving lasting success
Philosophical Meaning of the First Line of the Hexagram Lǚ
The concept of “素” (sù) refers to simplicity and purity, unadorned by decoration. It signifies retaining one’s original nature and integrity. “履” (lǚ) refers to shoes, symbolizing action or stepping forward. Hence, “素履” carries two meanings: First, it can mean simple shoes, which symbolize one’s humble status, as Xún Shuǎng (荀爽) states, “素履者，谓布衣之士” (“The simple shoes represent common people or a humble scholar”). Second, “素行” (sù xíng) refers to acting in a straightforward manner, adhering to one’s beliefs and acting in purity, symbolizing integrity and uprightness.
In the context of the hexagram, the first line (初九) is a yang line in the lowest position. This represents someone with talent, but who is willing to stay in a lowly position, moving forward without being tempted by wealth or fame. The person remains true to their original aspirations, advancing in life with a clear and honest path. Therefore, they will not make mistakes. The “Xiàng” (象), or symbolic interpretation, states: “素履之往，独行愿也” (“The one who walks in simple shoes does so independently, driven by personal will”). The word “独” (dú) implies independence—acting with integrity, not following societal pressures or seeking personal gain.
This line suggests that one should act according to their own principles and not be swayed by external temptations, much like a graduate entering the workforce, full of talent but starting at the bottom. They do not rush, focus on immediate gains, or allow external influences to disturb their focus. Instead, they follow a steady path and build a foundation for the future.
Transformation of the First Line: Changing to Hexagram 6
The first line (初九) changes to Hexagram 6, “Tiān Shuǐ Sòng” (天水讼), which is formed by the trigrams 乾 (Qián) and 坎 (Kǎn). The nature of this hexagram suggests conflict and litigation, driven by the opposition of strength (乾) and danger (坎). This indicates that the initial steady and humble path may lead to disputes if not carefully handled. Thus, caution and careful decision-making are required to avoid trouble.
Philosophical Meaning of the Second Line of the Hexagram Lǚ
The second line (九二) is a yang line located in the lower trigram, but it is in an inappropriate position—it is an active line in a passive place, which signifies misalignment. In this position, one’s talent and capability may be constrained, and moving forward becomes challenging. According to the “Xiàng”, it states: “幽人贞吉” (“The one who resides in seclusion will be fortunate”), meaning that one who remains focused and undisturbed by external distractions will achieve success.
This line suggests that despite external setbacks, one should use the time to strengthen oneself. It’s a phase for personal growth and development. An example can be drawn from the life of the Qing Dynasty merchant Hú Xuěyán (胡雪岩), who, after being dismissed for helping a friend, spent his idle time learning useful skills like bookkeeping, which laid the foundation for his later success.
The individual who draws this line may find themselves in a situation that prevents them from showcasing their full potential. However, it’s a good opportunity to focus on self-improvement, acquire new knowledge, and hone skills for the future. Though they may not receive immediate support or recognition, they can still achieve success through hard work and preparation. This is similar to the approach taken by Napoleon Bonaparte, who always planned for the unexpected and adapted accordingly.
Transformation of the Second Line: Changing to Hexagram 25
The second line (九二) changes to Hexagram 25, “Tiān Léiwú Wàng” (天雷无妄), formed by the trigrams 乾 (Qián) and 震 (Zhèn). This hexagram represents a time of purity and righteousness, where one is encouraged to act with integrity and avoid reckless actions. Success will come by following a path of honesty and uprightness, and without any ulterior motives or rash decisions.
Philosophical Meaning of the Third Line of the Hexagram Lǚ
The third line (六三) is the only yin line in Lǚ Guà, but unlike the solitary yin line in Xiǎo Chù (小畜), it does not have the same fortunate outcome. The reason is that this yin line is out of place: it is not in the central position, and it is surrounded by two yang lines. Therefore, it cannot gain the support of the yang lines below it. This creates a situation where the individual may struggle, similar to someone who is injured or hindered but still trying to move forward.
The “Xiàng” explains: “眇能视，跛能履。履虎尾，垤人，凶” (“A person with impaired vision can still see, and one with a limp can still walk. But stepping on the tiger’s tail or trying to act beyond one’s capabilities is dangerous”). The line warns against setting goals that exceed one’s abilities or position in life. If one tries to take on too much, especially in an unfit position, it will lead to failure and danger.
This line advises individuals to be aware of their limitations. Just as a warrior cannot become a king without the necessary virtues, one should be cautious and recognize when a goal is beyond their capacity. For example, one may have the ambition to lead, but they must be sure that their actions align with their position and abilities.
Transformation of the Third Line: Changing to Hexagram 1
The third line (六三) changes to Hexagram 1, “Qián Wéi Tiān” (乾为天), which is a hexagram formed by two 乾 (Qián) trigrams, representing heaven. This hexagram symbolizes strength, leadership, and success. It represents the pure, unyielding energy of heaven, encouraging individuals to act in alignment with their virtues and natural potential. The message of Qián is about perseverance and maintaining integrity, which ultimately leads to prosperity and success. It teaches that following the right path, guided by wisdom and strength, will bring about favorable outcomes.
Philosophical Meaning of the Fourth Line of the Hexagram Lǚ
The fourth line (九四) is positioned just below the central “君位” (jūn wèi, the “ruler’s position”), so it faces potential mistakes—symbolized by stepping on the tiger’s tail. However, “九四” is able to approach this situation with caution, recognizing their shortcomings and reflecting inwardly. By adopting a mindset of fear and carefulness, they will ultimately succeed.
The line of 九四 represents someone who is in a precarious position, but who can overcome the danger through humility and vigilance. The Xiàng (象) interpretation says: “履虎尾，恝恝，终吉” (“Step on the tiger’s tail with fear, but it will ultimately bring success”). The individual, though facing danger, can avoid harm if they act with care and awareness.
This line advises that one should be cautious in situations where they feel they are at risk. Rather than rushing forward or arrogantly disregarding potential pitfalls, one should take the time to reflect, adjust their actions, and proceed with measured steps. Even if they are not in an ideal position, maintaining humility and exercising restraint will lead to favorable outcomes.
Transformation of the Fourth Line: Changing to Hexagram 61
When the fourth line (九四) changes, it leads to Hexagram 61, “Fēng Zé Zhōng Fú” (风泽中孚), formed by the trigrams 兑 (Duì) and 巽 (Xùn). The core meaning of 孚 (fú) is “trust,” symbolizing the accurate, timely hatching of an egg—suggesting faith and sincerity in one’s actions. The hexagram also represents a balance of outward action and inward trust. The “Zhong Fú” hexagram is about standing firm with honesty and trustworthiness, laying the foundation for successful interactions in society.
Philosophical Meaning of the Fifth Line of the Hexagram Lǚ
The fifth line (九五) represents the highest position, as “九五” is associated with the ruler’s position. However, if the person in this position fails to use their authority wisely to solve problems, the consequences could be disastrous. Instead of being ousted or displaced, one can use “夹屨” (jiā xù, “sandals that protect one’s feet”) to improve the situation. This metaphor suggests making careful adjustments to one’s actions to prevent failure.
“九五” is a strong and decisive line, yet it is positioned in a way that could lead to danger if it remains too rigid or self-centered. It must follow the proper rituals and act decisively, but the danger lies in overly rigid action. The line warns that a ruler should not act impulsively or without proper consultation, as this could lead to future struggles.
The Xiàng (象) for this line says: “夬履，贞厉” (“Step forward with determination, but caution is needed”). This reflects the need for clear, strong decisions but with careful consideration of the consequences. The individual must be both firm and prudent.
This line indicates that individuals in leadership positions must exercise both wisdom and restraint. Decisions should be made based on a solid understanding of circumstances, but one should avoid acting impulsively or arrogantly. Just as a powerful horse can be dangerous if its reins are not controlled, the ruler must ensure their actions do not lead to unwanted consequences.
Transformation of the Fifth Line: Changing to Hexagram 38
When the fifth line (九五) changes, it transforms into Hexagram 38, “Huǒ Zé Kuí” (火泽睽), formed by the trigrams 兑 (Duì) and 离 (Lí). The nature of this hexagram signifies contradiction or conflict, as 火 (huǒ, fire) and 泽 (zé, water) do not naturally mix. Kuí represents a situation where there is disagreement or opposition. This suggests that even though decisions may seem decisive, external conflicts or misunderstandings may arise, requiring careful navigation and adjustment.
Philosophical Meaning of the Sixth Line of the Hexagram Lǚ
The sixth line (上九) is a yang line in a passive position, symbolizing humility and grace, possessing both talent and virtue. As it is positioned at the top of the hexagram, it represents someone who has served under the ruler but is now retired. This line symbolizes a time of reflection, of looking back at one’s experiences, and of offering wisdom gained through reflection.
The phrase “吾日三省吾身” (“I examine myself three times a day”) from Confucius emphasizes the importance of self-reflection, a concept mirrored in this line. The person who draws this line should reflect on their past actions, consider the lessons learned from both successes and failures, and use that wisdom to shape future endeavors.
The Xiàng (象) for this line says: “视履考祥，其旋元吉” (“Examine one’s actions, reflect on the path, and the outcome will be fortunate”). This means that through careful self-examination and reflection, the person will avoid future mistakes and pave the way for good fortune.
This line advises that one should always reflect on their life journey, take stock of both positive and negative experiences, and continue to learn and improve. Although this may not lead to immediate rewards, it will accumulate wisdom for the future, preventing mistakes and ensuring long-term success.
Transformation of the Sixth Line: Changing to Hexagram 58
The sixth line (上九) changes to Hexagram 58, “Duì Wéi Zé” (兑为泽), which is formed by two 兑 (Duì) trigrams. This hexagram represents joy, mutual support, and unity. The two trigrams of 泽 (zé, marsh or water) symbolize harmony and shared enjoyment. This suggests that through humility, collaboration, and mutual understanding, individuals can achieve success and happiness. It represents the strength of unity and the power of positive social interactions.