The 28th Hexagram of the I Ching: The Great Exceeding (Dà Guò)
The Great Exceeding hexagram (Dà Guò) is formed by the combination of two opposite hexagrams, with Xùn (巽) in the lower trigram and Duì (兑) in the upper trigram. Duì represents marsh or pleasure, and Xùn represents wood or obedience. Marsh water floods a boat, leading to a major mistake. The interaction between the yin and yang lines is contrary, with a predominance of yang (the masculine principle) over yin (the feminine principle), signaling excessive or extreme actions, with strength on the inside and gentleness on the outside.
The term “exceeding” refers to going beyond limits, surpassing boundaries. The name of this hexagram, “The Great Exceeding,” can be understood as a caution against excess. According to the Shuōwén Jiězì (说文), “exceeding” means to surpass or to go beyond, implying a state of overstepping or going too far. When people’s lives become affluent, they tend to pursue cultural indulgences, such as excessive consumption. How can this be avoided? It requires a great transcendence of both thought and action.
Interpretation from Duàn Yì Tiān Jī (断易天机)
The Great Exceeding hexagram, with Duì above and Xùn below, represents a wandering soul in the Zhen Palace. The term “Great Exceeding” implies that things have gone too far, but the hexagram still represents a balanced and compliant nature, indicating that the person will receive assistance and will be able to progress.
Interpretation by Shao Yong (北宋易学家邵雍解)
With more yang than yin, the situation is on the verge of collapse; the foundation is weak, so one should act according to their capabilities.
For those who receive this hexagram, it indicates unrest, unsatisfactory circumstances, and acting impulsively, which will lead to regret. It is advised to guard against legal troubles and water hazards.
Interpretation by Taiwanese Confucian Scholar Fu Pei-Rong (傅佩荣解)
- Fortune: Practice self-reflection and restraint, avoid seeking fame.
- Wealth: Prices rise unexpectedly but are difficult to control.
- Family: Prevent instability; consider appropriate age gaps in marriage.
- Health: Both liver and kidney are affected, difficult to treat.
Traditional Interpretation of the Hexagram
This hexagram is made of two stacked opposite trigrams: Xùn (wood, obedience) below, and Duì (marsh, pleasure) above. The water in the marsh floods the boat, leading to a mistake. With the yang lines dominating the yin, the hexagram portrays a situation of extreme actions with internal strength and external gentleness.
Symbolism: The four middle yang lines form a strong beam, but the initial and final lines are yin, and their weakness causes the beam to break.
Fortune: Power is insufficient for ambition, burdened with excessive worries, and there are risks of legal or water-related issues.
Career: The career path shows potential hidden risks, even crises. Caution is crucial, and one must remain on the middle path, approaching tasks with humility and kindness, seeking help from others. Sometimes unconventional methods may be necessary, and taking calculated risks could be helpful.
Business: Acting too hastily, expanding too quickly—it’s time to scale back and adjust. Competition is unfavorable, and overconfidence should be avoided. Always be mindful of changes in direction and wait for the right moment to act. With certainty, one might consider taking risks to seize opportunities.
Seeking Fame: The worst course is to seek unattainable fame and reputation, which will lead to disappointment. A humble attitude, careful actions, and dedication to the original goal will bring success, regardless of public opinion.
Marriage and Relationships: Self-awareness is crucial. Do not rush into decisions. Thoughtful consideration, using proper methods, can ensure success, though clever strategies may also be necessary.
Decision-Making: In difficult times, improper handling can be extremely disadvantageous. One must not act impulsively or be overly hesitant but should balance firmness with gentleness, actively seeking others’ advice. Take bold steps, not fearing rumors, and strive for better circumstances.
Philosophical Meaning of the First Line in the Dà Guò Hexagram
Line Text:
Chū Liù (初六): Jì yòng bái máo, wú jiù (藉用白茅，无咎)
Translation: “Using white grass mats, no harm.”
Explanation of the Line Text:
The term “Jì” (藉) originally referred to the grass mat used in sacrificial rites to place ritual vessels on. “Bái máo” (白茅) refers to soft, white grass, which symbolizes purity, humility, and gentleness.
In this line, the message is about using a white grass mat during a ritual to place sacred objects on, ensuring that they are steady and free from harm or disaster. This suggests that the act of using something pure and humble ensures stability and safety in the long run.
When this line is drawn, remember:
- Begin with subtlety and let things develop gradually. Start with small, gentle actions, and you will eventually see complete success.
- In the west-northwest, a melody stirs—prosperity lies in the northern spring.
Transformation of the First Line in the Great Exceeding Hexagram
When the first line changes, it transforms into the 43rd hexagram of the I Ching: Zé Tiān Guài (泽天夬).
This hexagram consists of the combination of Qián (乾) below and Duì (兑) above. Qián represents heaven and strength, while Duì symbolizes marsh and joy. The marsh rises to form rain, which nourishes the earth, bringing vitality to all things. The transition from five yang lines to one yin line symbolizes a decisive action—removing what is unnecessary leads to clear resolution. This is the essence of Guài (夬), which means to decide or to sever.
Philosophical Meaning of the Second Line in the Dà Guò Hexagram
Line Text:
Jiǔ Èr (九二): Kū yáng shēng tī, lǎo fū dé qí nǚ qī, wú bù lì (枯杨生梯，老夫得其女妻，无不利)
Translation: “The withered poplar tree sprouts new shoots, an old man marries a young wife, and all is well.”
Explanation of the Line Text:
Here, “Yáng” (杨) refers to the poplar tree, while “Tī” (梯) refers to the roots of the tree from which new growth emerges. The image of a withered poplar tree sprouting new shoots symbolizes revival and renewal.
The line suggests that even in old age or after a period of decline, new opportunities or partnerships may arise that are beneficial and fruitful. An old man marrying a young woman reflects the idea of rejuvenation, and there are no disadvantages in such a union.
When this line is drawn, remember:
- A wife brings prosperity to the household—don’t underestimate the value of partnerships.
- The sun shines on the high hall, and official duties are close by.
- Early decisions might lead to unexpected results, like a small boat weathering multiple storms.
- The scenery is pleasing, and the fragrance of flowers grows stronger.
- The peaches of immortality bear fruit in three stages—some things take longer than expected but are worth the wait.
Transformation of the Second Line in the Great Exceeding Hexagram
When the second line changes, it transforms into the 31st hexagram of the I Ching: Zé Shān Xián (泽山咸).
This hexagram is made by the combination of Gèn (艮) below and Duì (兑) above. Gèn symbolizes the mountain (stability, stillness), while Duì represents the marsh (joy, communication). The interplay of these two forces—gentleness above and firmness below—creates a sense of mutual influence. When these forces are in harmony, they evoke a responsive energy that leads to success.
Philosophical Meaning of the Third Line in the Dà Guò Hexagram
Line Text:
Jiǔ Sān (九三): Dòng rào, xiōng (栋桡，凶)
Translation: “The beam of the house is bent, a bad omen.”
Explanation of the Line Text:
This line speaks of a beam (the main support structure) bending under excessive pressure, symbolizing the risk of collapse when things are pushed too far. This suggests that carrying too much weight or taking on too much responsibility can lead to failure or disaster.
When this line is drawn, remember:
- Even if you have a partner, troubles may still arise. In times of difficulty, it is better to retreat quickly.
- If you want to avoid being overwhelmed by negative circumstances, avoid situations in the western direction.
- Thorny bushes grow where there was once smooth ground—beware of sudden turmoil.
- A person sitting in a dark room feels regretful, facing the slanting rays of the setting sun with no words to speak.
Transformation of the Third Line in the Great Exceeding Hexagram
When the third line changes, it transforms into the 47th hexagram of the I Ching: Zé Shuǐ Kùn (泽水困).
This hexagram is formed by the combination of Kǎn (坎) below and Duì (兑) above. Kǎn symbolizes danger (water), while Duì represents joy. This hexagram reflects a state of being stuck in a difficult situation, where the usual methods seem ineffective. However, by adhering to the right path and remaining true to one’s principles, the situation can eventually improve, leading to success despite the challenges.
Philosophical Meaning of the Fourth Line in the Dà Guò Hexagram
Line Text:
Jiǔ Sì (九四): Dòng lóng, jí; yǒu tā, lìn (栋隆，吉；有它，吝)
Translation: “The beam is rising, auspicious; but if something else occurs, there will be hesitation.”
Explanation of the Line Text:
The term “lóng” (隆) means to rise or arch upward, usually referring to something that swells or increases. In this context, it refers to the beam of a house rising, symbolizing a positive sign of growth and auspiciousness. However, the phrase “yǒu tā, lìn” (有它，吝) warns that if other unforeseen circumstances arise, such as the intrusion of pests or sudden changes, problems may occur.
When this line is drawn, remember:
- Steep mountains block the horse’s path, but on level ground, progress is smooth.
- Many people achieve fame and wealth together, with the western roads clear and wide.
- Some matters take time to develop, while others may change quickly, depending on circumstances.
- When the moonlight shines through the door, favorable negotiations and discussions are possible.
Transformation of the Fourth Line in the Great Exceeding Hexagram
When the fourth line changes, it transforms into the 48th hexagram of the I Ching: Shuǐ Fēng Jǐng (水风井).
This hexagram is formed by the combination of Kǎn (坎) below and Xùn (巽) above. Kǎn represents water, and Xùn represents wood. Water nurtures the tree, allowing it to grow vigorously. People rely on wells for water, which they dig themselves. The relationship between water and tree, or between people and wells, is mutually supportive. The hexagram suggests that one should live a virtuous life and work diligently, just as a well continuously nourishes people with water.
Philosophical Meaning of the Fifth Line in the Dà Guò Hexagram
Line Text:
Jiǔ Wǔ (九五): Kū yáng shēng huā, lǎo fù dé (枯杨生华，老妇得)
Translation: “The withered poplar tree blooms, the old woman marries.”
Explanation of the Line Text:
Here, “huā” (华) refers to the flower or bloom of the tree, symbolizing a resurgence or unexpected flourishing. The image of the withered poplar tree blossoming indicates revival or an unlikely occurrence of success. Similarly, an old woman marrying a younger man may seem unusual, but there’s nothing wrong with it, although it may not be especially praiseworthy either.
When this line is drawn, remember:
- The blooming of the withered tree should not be overly praised—things may not always be as they appear.
- Be careful, for the wrong circumstances may lead to regret.
- It’s better to remain calm and restrained, not pursuing excessive desires or actions.
- Avoid indecision, as having two conflicting intentions or desires can lead to confusion.
- New flowers on an old tree are symbolic of change, but they require the arrival of new spring to truly flourish.
Transformation of the Fifth Line in the Great Exceeding Hexagram
When the fifth line changes, it transforms into the 32nd hexagram of the I Ching: Léi Fēng Héng (雷风恒).
This hexagram is made by combining Xùn (巽) below and Zhèn (震) above. Zhèn represents thunder (masculine, strength), and Xùn represents wind (feminine, gentleness). This hexagram signifies the idea of constancy, where mutual support leads to steady growth. It highlights the importance of maintaining a balance between strength and gentleness, ensuring persistence through all conditions.
Philosophical Meaning of the Sixth Line in the Dà Guò Hexagram
Line Text:
Shàng Liù (上六): Guò shè miè dǐng, xiōng, wú jiù (过涉灭顶，凶，无咎)
Translation: “Crossing the deep waters, the danger reaches the top of the head—dangerous, but no fault.”
Explanation of the Line Text:
The phrase “Guò shè miè dǐng” (过涉灭顶) refers to crossing a deep river or water, so deep that it submerges the head, indicating a situation of extreme risk or danger. However, the line also clarifies that this is not the person’s fault—despite the peril, the person remains blameless.
When this line is drawn, remember:
- The sheep wear their coats, and the documents are hidden away in the chest—be cautious and careful, guarding against risks.
- Don’t expect too much—beware of fleeting moments and shifting circumstances.
- On the water’s edge, there is worry; at the mountain’s foot, there is sorrow.
- To stay safe, one must move cautiously, making only small and steady steps.
Transformation of the Sixth Line in the Great Exceeding Hexagram
When the sixth line changes, it transforms into the 44th hexagram of the I Ching: Tiān Fēng Gòu (天风姤).
This hexagram is formed by combining Qián (乾) below and Xùn (巽) above. Qián represents heaven (strength), while Xùn represents wind (movement). Wind moves across the earth, bringing a shift in energy. The hexagram Gòu (姤) signifies the meeting of yin and yang, an encounter that is powerful but fleeting. Just as this meeting cannot last forever, one should be mindful that certain opportunities are transient and require careful handling.