The 19th Hexagram of the I Ching: Lín (临 Hexagram)
The Lín Hexagram (临卦), also known as the “Approaching” hexagram, is formed by the trigrams Duì (兑) below and Kūn (坤) above. Duì represents joy and symbolizes the marsh or lake, while Kūn represents obedience and symbolizes the Earth. The Earth (Kūn) is above the marsh (Duì), symbolizing the Earth’s overseeing and supervising of the marsh below. This configuration suggests the idea of higher authorities imposing pressure and enforcing their will upon subordinates.
The hexagram Lín is named for the concept of “approaching” or “looking down from above.” The main theme of this hexagram is about leadership, guidance, and management from the superior to the subordinate. It signifies a relationship in which one exerts control, either as a ruler over the people or as an individual confronting a situation. The core question of Lín is how to appropriately handle the relationship between the self and others, between the subject and the object. The Xiàng (象) commentary explains it as follows: “There is Earth above the marsh, Lín; the superior person teaches with endless thought, and protects the people without bounds.”
Analysis of the Lín Hexagram
The structure of the Lín hexagram shows that the two Yáng (阳) lines at the bottom represent the increasing energy of the Yáng principle, which can also be interpreted as the growth of righteous energy. Lín is one of the twelve seasonal hexagrams, corresponding to the Great Cold (Dà Hán) season. The six lines of the hexagram represent the period from the Minor Cold (Xiǎo Hán) to the Beginning of Spring (Lì Chūn), covering about thirty days. Each line corresponds to a ten-day period. At this point, two Yáng lines appear, indicating the gradual strengthening of Yáng energy, symbolizing growth and expansion. Therefore, Lín also conveys the meaning of growth and expansion.
Additionally, the upper trigram is Kūn (坤), representing the Earth, and the lower trigram is Duì (兑), representing the marsh or lake. The image of “Earth above the marsh” represents the Lín hexagram. What does “Earth above the marsh” mean? It signifies that the land around a marsh is vast and without boundaries, and the land is higher than the marsh. Standing on the edge of the marsh and looking into it is the image of Lín. Thus, the hexagram’s symbol and its name align in meaning quite well.
Interpretation from the “Duan Yi Tian Ji” (断易天机)
The Lín hexagram, with Kūn above and Duì below, is classified as a “second-generation hexagram” of the Kūn palace. The lower Duì signifies joy, while the upper Kūn represents obedience. Joyful obedience ensures that everything will flow smoothly.
Interpretation by the Song Dynasty Scholar Shao Yong (邵雍)
Shao Yong, a noted Neo-Confucian philosopher, explained: “The superior acts upon the inferior; they mutually assist each other. Always be vigilant and cautious, considering potential risks even when in a stable situation.”
Interpretation by Taiwanese Scholar Fu Peirong (傅佩荣)
- Luck: The flow of water brings good fortune; the time for success is now.
- Wealth: Business will prosper, and profits are to be expected.
- Family: Family life is flourishing, and relationships between family members are harmonious.
- Health: Illnesses are not life-threatening, but may linger and require attention.
Traditional Interpretation of the Lín Hexagram
This hexagram is a combination of Duì (兑) below and Kūn (坤) above. Kūn represents the Earth, and Duì represents the marsh or lake. The Earth is above the marsh, symbolizing the ruler who oversees and governs the world, bringing stability and harmony to the nation. The hexagram suggests that the relationship between the superior and the subordinate is harmonious, just as the Earth and the marsh coexist, each fulfilling their roles.
The Xiàng (象) commentary of the hexagram explains: “Water from the marsh irrigates the Earth below, and all things grow and thrive together.” This is a reminder that a balance of cooperation and mutual benefit leads to prosperity.
Fortune and Opportunities
- General Fortune: All things will proceed smoothly. There will be harmony between higher and lower forces, and the future is promising. However, it is important not to rush or act too hastily.
- Career: This is an excellent time for success, and it is crucial to seize the opportunity. Do not rest on your laurels, as good fortune will pass quickly. Continue to strategize, reflect on past experiences, and collaborate with others to explore new opportunities.
- Business: Success is imminent, but you must stay vigilant about market trends and work diligently. Be prepared for unexpected challenges, especially in managing interpersonal relationships.
- Reputation: Your efforts are at the point of bearing fruit. Continue to remain humble, set strict standards for yourself, and pursue your goals with caution. Unexpected challenges may arise, but with determination, you can navigate them.
- Romance and Marriage: Focus on nurturing your relationship, as it is a good time to strengthen bonds and build a harmonious future together.
- Decision-Making: You possess agility and insight, excelling in communication and leadership. It is essential to cultivate comprehensive personal development, maintain integrity, and build a positive personal reputation. Having a long-term vision and making well-thought-out plans will ensure future success and a bright career path.
In summary, the Lín Hexagram represents a time of leadership, authority, and harmonious management. It suggests a strong relationship between superior and subordinate, where mutual respect and cooperation are essential for success. It’s a time for seizing opportunities while remaining cautious, with the understanding that true growth and prosperity come through careful planning, ethical conduct, and collective effort.
Philosophical Meaning of the First Line of the Lín Hexagram
Hexagram Text:
Chū Jiǔ (初九): Xián Lín, zhēn jí.
Interpretation of the Text:
Xián refers to a heartfelt and sincere feeling. It is a genuine, selfless, and unbiased connection or interaction, not a pretentious or showy act.
The meaning of this line is that when one approaches the people with a heart of genuine transformation, good fortune can be attained.
If you receive this line in a divination, it suggests that you may be tasked with inspecting or overseeing a subordinate department or unit. However, you must remember that you should approach this task with sincerity, driven by a genuine concern for the work. Avoid any self-interest, prejudice, or performing for appearances. Do not adopt an authoritative or aloof attitude when dealing with subordinates, as that would be detrimental. Use methods of persuasion and genuine leadership to guide others, and only through adherence to the right path will you achieve success.
Chū Jiǔ: Xián Lín, zhēn jí. If you receive this line, remember:
- When the time comes to offer assistance, help will appear, and good news will follow.
- Who seeks companionship in old age will find a fragrant plum blossom beside the snow.
- Small successes accumulate, opening the path gradually, like a boat sailing with the wind.
- A sword hung at the waist cuts through obstacles, and one’s pursuits, whether for profit or reputation, will be steady and continuous.
- Loyalty and righteousness will be bestowed upon those who align their hearts with sincerity.
- Walk with integrity, and good fortune will naturally come.
Change of the Lín Hexagram’s First Line
The first line of Lín changes, becoming the Shī Hexagram (周易第7卦: 地水师), which is formed by the trigrams Kǎn (坎) below and Kūn (坤) above. The character Shī (师) refers to an army. Kǎn represents water, danger, and obstacles, while Kūn represents the Earth and harmony. This combination suggests a situation where an army (or force) is mobilized, but the action must be done with careful consideration of the circumstances. Although warfare and conflict are dangerous, success can be achieved smoothly if the situation is approached wisely and strategically, ensuring that the forces are just and aligned with the will of the people.
Philosophical Meaning of the Second Line of the Lín Hexagram
Hexagram Text:
Jiǔ Èr (九二): Xián Lín, jí, wú bù lì.
Interpretation of the Text:
This line has a similar meaning to the first one, suggesting that by approaching with a sincere and transformative heart, success and fortune can be attained, and there will be no disadvantages.
If you receive this line, it means that you should act with sincerity and humility when dealing with others, following the righteous path. Even if you go against an order or superior’s command, there will be no negative consequences as long as your intentions are genuine.
Jiǔ Èr: Xián Lín, jí, wú bù lì. If you receive this line, remember:
- Originally, the sincerity will bring success, but there may be worries or desires that remain unfulfilled.
- In times of joy, there may still be a sense of lack, and in moments of happiness, sadness may unexpectedly arise.
- The current situation is favorable, and if you proceed with caution, success will follow.
- As Yáng energy grows, external forces will support your efforts like the favorable eastern wind filling your sails.
- Harmonious actions will result in success and smooth progress.
- Good news will reach you soon, and you will steadily rise to new heights.
Change of the Lín Hexagram’s Second Line
The second line of Lín changes, becoming the Fù Hexagram (周易第24卦: 地雷复), which is formed by the trigrams Zhèn (震) below and Kūn (坤) above. Zhèn represents thunder and movement, while Kūn represents the Earth and obedience. This suggests that when things are in motion, they should naturally proceed in alignment with the situation. With the proper actions, everything will fall into place, and progress will be smooth.
Philosophical Meaning of the Third Line of the Lín Hexagram
Hexagram Text:
Liù Sān (六三): Gān Lín, wú yōu lì; jì yōu zhī, wú jiù.
Interpretation of the Text:
Gān refers to sweet words or flattery. Yōu zhī suggests reflecting on one’s actions and feeling regret.
This line suggests that leading or guiding from above with sweet words will not bring any benefits. However, if one realizes their faults, feels remorse, and changes their ways, there will be no harm.
If you receive this line, it advises that you should not rely on flattery or empty promises to guide others. Instead, take the time to reflect on your actions and correct your mistakes. If you act sincerely and authentically, you will avoid trouble and misfortune.
Liù Sān: Gān Lín, wú yōu lì; jì yōu zhī, wú jiù. If you receive this line, remember:
- The night rain may bring harm, and the damage will be hard to mend, but it is also a time for reflection and correction.
- Reflect on your actions and return to the true path, and just as the sun emerges after the storm, there is hope ahead.
- Beware of relying on superficial charm and empty promises; do not let them be your approach to leadership.
- By acknowledging your faults and correcting them, you can avoid disaster and misfortune.
- As in the competition for a precious pearl, there will be gains and losses along the way.
- What you seek is progress, so avoid unnecessary struggles and wasted efforts.
Change of the Lín Hexagram’s Third Line
The third line of Lín changes, becoming the Tài Hexagram (周易第11卦: 地天泰), which is formed by the trigrams Qián (乾) below and Kūn (坤) above. Qián represents Heaven, the Yáng energy, while Kūn represents Earth, the Yīn energy. The combination of Heaven and Earth signifies harmony and smooth progress, as both forces are in balance. When things are in harmony and balance, all is well and success can be achieved. However, if the balance is disrupted, there will be challenges.
Philosophical Meaning of the Fourth Line of the Lín Hexagram
Hexagram Text:
Liù Sì (六四): Zhì Lín, wú jiù.
Interpretation of the Text:
Zhì Lín refers to personally managing state affairs. This line signifies that if you take direct action and responsibility, there will be no misfortune or harm.
If you receive this line in a divination, it suggests you should emulate the approach of Bào Shūyá (鲍叔牙), a historical figure known for his integrity and wise leadership. Even if you experience short-term losses or setbacks, if you act with sincerity and commitment, you will eventually achieve both fame and success.
Liù Sì: Zhì Lín, wú jiù. If you receive this line, remember:
- When in an official position, one should act with diligence and responsibility, even in difficult circumstances.
- By acting with integrity, success will gradually unfold.
- With careful action, you will be able to overcome obstacles and achieve your goals, as a boat navigates the wind.
- Your efforts will bear fruit, and you will rise steadily in your endeavors, like a person ascending towards greater achievements.
Change of the Lín Hexagram’s Fourth Line
The fourth line of Lín changes, becoming the Guī Mèi Hexagram , which is formed by the trigrams Duì (兑) below and Zhèn (震) above. Zhèn represents movement and the eldest son, while Duì represents joy and the youngest daughter. This combination suggests a situation of attraction and mutual affection, often associated with marriage or relationships. It symbolizes the movement of young love and the potential for a harmonious union, hence the term “Guī Mèi” (returning to the younger sister).
Philosophical Meaning of the Fifth Line of the Lín Hexagram
Hexagram Text:
Liù Wǔ (六五): Zhī Lín, dà jūn zhī yí, jí.
Interpretation of the Text:
Zhī means wisdom or intelligence. This line suggests that great leaders use their intelligence to guide and manage, which is the ideal way to rule. This approach brings good fortune and success.
If you receive this line, it advises that using wisdom and insight, even in the face of previous setbacks or failures, can help turn the situation around and bring new life to your career or endeavors. Those who receive this line can expect good news and a favorable outcome soon.
Liù Wǔ: Zhī Lín, dà jūn zhī yí, jí. If you receive this line, remember:
- Wise leadership brings strength, and gentle actions can overcome force.
- Great success comes when the sun shines brightly, and the divine light illuminates all.
- Like the moon reaching its fullness or the flowers blooming once more, the time is ripe for your plans to succeed.
- Your aspirations will be realized, and news of success will reach you soon.
Change of the Lín Hexagram’s Fifth Line
The fifth line of Lín changes, becoming the Jié Hexagram , which is formed by the trigrams Duì (兑) below and Kǎn (坎) above. Duì represents the marsh or lake, and Kǎn represents water. The image suggests that water, when uncontrolled, will overflow its boundaries, and it is necessary to impose limits or “节” (restraint). This hexagram advises moderation, as too much or too little will both cause problems. Balance and control are needed for a nation to be stable, for a person to be virtuous, and for actions to succeed.
Philosophical Meaning of the Sixth Line of the Lín Hexagram
Hexagram Text:
Shàng Liù (上六): Dūn Lín, jí, wú jiù.
Interpretation of the Text:
Dūn means sincerity and deep earnestness. This line suggests that ruling with sincerity and integrity will bring good fortune and avoid harm.
If you receive this line, it advises that you should approach life and work with tolerance and open-mindedness, accepting various viewpoints, including critical opinions. Acting with dūn (sincerity) and maturity will earn you respect from others. By treating your subordinates with kindness and fairness, you will create a harmonious environment and avoid disaster.
Shàng Liù: Dūn Lín, jí, wú jiù. If you receive this line, remember:
- When you act with sincerity and integrity, you will experience good fortune and avoid misfortune.
- Like the spring breeze nurturing peach and plum blossoms, your sincere efforts will yield abundant results.
- The unexpected will bring happiness, as the moon shines on an unopened door, revealing new opportunities.
- A benefactor will come to your aid, and you need not use flattery to win favor.
- By maintaining loyalty and integrity, you will attract support from important figures and experience prosperity.
- When you act with strength and fairness, no harm or disaster will come your way.
Change of the Lín Hexagram’s Sixth Line
The sixth line of Lín changes, becoming the Sǔn Hexagram , which is formed by the trigrams Duì (兑) below and Gèn (艮) above. Gèn represents a mountain, and Duì represents a marsh or lake. This combination suggests that a large body of water is eroding the base of a mountain. The hexagram teaches that both loss and gain are interwoven and must be handled with caution. Excessive action can harm the foundation, whether in governance or personal conduct. The key is to find the balance between giving and receiving, loss and gain, and always act with care and moderation.