Philosophical Meaning of the Xū (需) Hexagram – The Fifth Hexagram in the I Ching
The Xū (需, Waiting) hexagram consists of two different trigrams stacked together—Qián (乾, Heaven) on the bottom and Kǎn (坎, Water) on the top. Qián symbolizes the vast sky, while Kǎn represents dense clouds. In traditional agrarian societies, rain was one of the most essential needs for survival, making it a fitting metaphor for this hexagram. The name “Xū” comes from the idea that rain is about to fall, and all things are in a state of waiting.
The character 需 (Xū) in ancient script is structured as “雨 (rain) above 天 (heaven) below”, meaning rain is coming from the sky to nourish all living beings. From a human perspective, rain makes it difficult to travel or work in the fields, so people tend to stay home, enjoy food and wine, and wait for the right time. Thus, the core symbolism of this hexagram revolves around waiting, patience, and nourishment.
Xū Hexagram in the Sequence of the I Ching
The Xū hexagram follows the Méng (蒙, Youthful Ignorance) hexagram. The I Ching explains this order as:
“When things are still immature, they must be nourished. Thus, Xū follows Méng. Xū represents the way of food and sustenance.”
In other words, having needs also means having to wait for them to be fulfilled.
The Xiàng (象, Symbolic Statement) of this hexagram states:
“Clouds rise in the sky—this is Xū; the wise person enjoys food and drink while waiting.”
This passage explains that the hexagram’s imagery consists of Qián (Heaven) below and Kǎn (Water) above, representing water gathering in the sky to form clouds. The clouds are thick, but rain has not yet fallen, indicating a time of waiting. During this period, a wise person conserves strength and energy through nourishment and enjoyment, preparing for the right moment to act.
Xū teaches the wisdom of patience—waiting for the right time rather than forcing progress. It is regarded as a moderately favorable hexagram.
A metaphorical interpretation of Xū states:
“A pearl has been buried in the earth for a long time, hidden from sight. Suddenly, a strong wind blows away the soil, revealing the pearl once more.”
This suggests that hidden potential will eventually be revealed when the time is right.
Interpretations of the Xū Hexagram
The “Secrets of the I Ching” Interpretation
Xū is a wandering soul hexagram within the Kūn (坤, Earth) palace. It represents hesitation and anticipation. Even though Qián (Heaven) is strong, it faces obstacles ahead, requiring waiting before advancing. Crossing great rivers (taking major risks) is ultimately beneficial, but only when the right moment arrives.
Northern Song Dynasty I Ching Scholar Shao Yōng (邵雍) Interpretation
- “Kǎn (Water) represents traps ahead—one must stop and not advance.”
- “Great achievements come late; the rewards are in the future.”
- “Those who receive this hexagram must be patient. Rushing forward will lead to misfortune.”
Taiwanese Confucian Scholar Fu Pèi Róng (傅佩荣) Interpretation
- Luck: The time is not yet right—patience is required.
- Wealth: Capital is not yet gathered—business cannot begin.
- Home & Family: Peace is a blessing.
- Health: Adjust your diet—good health is possible.
Traditional Interpretation of the Xū Hexagram
This hexagram consists of Qián (Heaven) below and Kǎn (Water) above.
- Qián symbolizes strength and perseverance.
- Kǎn symbolizes danger and obstacles.
This combination suggests meeting danger with strength. The appropriate action is to remain steady and avoid reckless movement. Observing the situation carefully will lead to success.
Overall Meaning
Main Symbolism: Clouds gather in the sky but have not yet rained—this represents the need to wait for the right moment.
Fortune & Luck: The wise person acts according to timing. Rushing forward brings danger.
Career & Business:
Success depends on understanding the situation and waiting for the right time.
Do not take reckless risks—patience and a steady approach will lead to achievement.
Confidence and resilience are essential—one must remain calm under pressure.
Even in favorable times, one must remain cautious and prepared for future challenges.
Commerce & Trade:
The initial phase will be difficult.
Success requires great patience and careful preparation.
Conduct business with integrity and wait for the right opportunity.
Even when success is close, exercise extreme caution—do not ruin everything at the last moment.
Seeking Fame & Recognition:
The time is not yet right—patience is needed.
Strengthen your abilities and ignore distractions or criticism.
Seek help from reliable people at the right moment—then success will come.
Love & Relationships:
Proceed with caution—do not rush.
Gradually build the relationship with sincerity and warmth.
Even if challenges arise, a good outcome is still possible.
Both partners must learn the principle of softness overcoming hardness—mutual understanding is key.
Decision-Making:
The future is bright, and you have ambition and great potential.
Success is certain, but waiting for the right moment is crucial.
Build your strength and prepare in advance—great achievements take time.
You have a strong will and a rational mind, but challenges will arise.
Remain cautious, ignore slander, and face obstacles with calmness.
Do not act impulsively—choose your direction wisely.
Be humble and honest, and you will receive support from others.
When the right time arrives, success will come effortlessly.
The Xū hexagram teaches the wisdom of patience. Just as rain does not fall immediately when clouds form, success and fulfillment require time and preparation. Acting too soon can lead to failure, while waiting for the right moment leads to victory.
Philosophical Meaning of the First Line of the Xū Hexagram
Initial Nine (初九): Waiting in the Suburbs. Persistence Brings No Misfortune.
Explanation of the Line
- “郊 (Jiāo)”: Refers to the outskirts or suburbs, away from the city center. In the hexagram structure, this line is positioned at the bottom and has moved away from the Kǎn (坎, Water) trigram, similar to being far from the city center in the countryside.
From the hexagram’s imagery, the first line is a yang (阳) line in a strong position, which means it is well-placed. Since it is far from the upper Kǎn trigram, it is also distant from danger, which is why it is described as “waiting in the suburbs”. However, yang energy is active and impulsive, and this line is in reverse correlation with the second line (九二), meaning it will face resistance. Moving forward recklessly will bring disaster, so the best approach is to remain still and wait for the right time.
For those who receive this line in a divination reading, it is not the right time to take action. Patience is required. Acting impulsively due to impatience can lead to serious mistakes.
Waiting tests a person’s patience. Many people miss opportunities simply because they lack patience. Consider this story:
A man was on a sea voyage when his ship wrecked. Everyone else on board drowned, but he clung desperately to a piece of wood and managed to survive. He drifted to a small island. At first, he was full of hope, believing that a ship would pass by and rescue him. However, after waiting for a month, he lost patience. He built a raft and set off to cross the sea himself, but unfortunately, he drowned along the way.
Waiting requires both patience and perseverance. Those who receive this hexagram should keep this lesson in mind.
Transformation of the First Line of the Xū Hexagram
When the Initial Nine (初九) line changes, the hexagram transforms into the 48th hexagram: Jǐng (井, The Well).
This hexagram consists of Xùn (巽, Wind) below and Kǎn (坎, Water) above.
- Kǎn represents water, and Xùn represents wood.
- Just as trees thrive with access to water, people depend on wells for survival.
- A well must be dug by human hands to provide water. This symbolizes mutual nourishment and hard work.
- The well’s water never runs dry, teaching that one should embrace diligence and perseverance as virtues.
Philosophical Meaning of the Second Line of the Xū Hexagram
Nine Two (九二): Waiting on the Sand. Some Criticism, but Ultimately Auspicious.
Explanation of the Line
- “需于沙 (Waiting on the Sand)”: This suggests waiting on a beach or sandy ground.
- “小有言 (Some Criticism)”: One may face criticism or blame from others.
This line implies that one is waiting on a sandy shore, facing some complaints or doubts from others, but this is not a major issue. If one remains steadfast, the outcome will be favorable.
From the hexagram’s perspective, Nine Two is a yang (阳) line in a yin (阴) position, meaning it possesses both strength and flexibility—a symbol of a wise and patient individual.
However, Nine Two is in opposition to Nine Five (九五), the central authority of the hexagram. This suggests that the person is at odds with the leader, making life difficult. Despite this, the second, third, and fourth lines together form the Duì (兑, Joy) trigram, which represents happiness and brightness. This implies that a time of joy and success is approaching, but one must wait patiently and endure criticism from others in the meantime.
For those who receive this line in a divination reading, it is important to remain patient. Good fortune is on the horizon. If others mock or criticize you, do not take their words to heart—ignore them and stay focused.
Transformation of the Second Line of the Xū Hexagram
When Nine Two (九二) changes, the hexagram transforms into the 63rd hexagram: Jì Jì (既济, Completion).
This hexagram consists of Lí (离, Fire) below and Kǎn (坎, Water) above.
- Kǎn represents water, and Lí represents fire.
- Water and fire interact in a controlled manner, signifying balance and completion.
- “既 (Jì)” means already, and “济 (Jì)” means success or crossing over.
- Jì Jì represents a state where things have been successfully accomplished, but change is inevitable, so one must remain cautious.
Philosophical Meaning of the Third Line of the Xū Hexagram
Nine Three (九三): Waiting in the Mud, Leading to the Arrival of Bandits.
Explanation of the Line
- “需于泥 (Waiting in the Mud)”: This suggests being stuck in a swamp or muddy terrain.
- “致宼至 (Leading to the Arrival of Bandits)”: This means attracting thieves or danger.
This line warns that waiting in the mud can attract robbers. From the hexagram’s imagery, Nine Three is positioned at the top of the lower trigram, meaning it is on the verge of entering the dangerous Kǎn (坎, Water) trigram. This is like being stuck in a swamp near a river, where danger is imminent.
- Kǎn symbolizes traps and danger.
- If one continues to advance recklessly, they will sink deeper into the mud, making them an easy target for robbers.
The Xiàng (象, Symbolic Statement) explains:
“Waiting in the mud—danger comes from outside. If one attracts bandits, only by being cautious and respectful can they avoid disaster.”
This means that the external environment is filled with danger. If one acts recklessly, they invite trouble upon themselves. However, by staying cautious and maintaining humility, they can remain safe.
For those who receive this line in a divination reading, the message is clear: Do not rush forward impulsively. The presence of danger and enemies means one must be extremely careful. However, by remaining calm and vigilant, one can avoid harm and emerge unscathed.
Transformation of the Third Line of the Xū Hexagram
When Nine Three (九三) changes, the hexagram transforms into the 60th hexagram: Jié (节, Restraint or Regulation).
This hexagram consists of Duì (兑, Lake) below and Kǎn (坎, Water) above.
- Duì represents a lake, and Kǎn represents water.
- A lake has a limited capacity—if water exceeds its limits, it will overflow.
- Thus, Jié symbolizes the importance of boundaries and moderation.
- In contrast to the Huàn (涣, Dispersion) hexagram, Jié emphasizes control and discipline.
This teaches that in both nature and human affairs, having limits is essential. Nations need laws, individuals need self-discipline, and balance leads to harmony.
Philosophical Meaning of the Fourth Line of the Hexagram Xū
Line 4: “Waiting in blood, emerging from the cave.”
Explanation of the Yáo (爻) Statement:
- Waiting in blood (需于血): In the system of the I Ching (Yì Jīng, 易经), the hexagram Kǎn (坎) represents blood. The fourth line (Liù Sì, 六四) is positioned within this hexagram, and since the three lines below it are all yang (阳爻), this symbolizes a battle between yin and yang, where bloodshed may occur.
- Emerging from the cave (出自穴): The hexagram Kǎn (坎) also represents ditches, traps, or underground caves. “Emerging from the cave” signifies escaping from danger.
The Hexagram Xū (需) means “waiting,” but the process of waiting must be assessed based on the situation. If one finds oneself trapped in a pool of blood, one should seek a way to escape from the danger rather than foolishly remaining passive. In exceptional circumstances, one must not simply wait for disaster to arrive. Since Liù Sì is a yin line, it is advisable to follow stronger forces, align with them, and conform to objective laws, thereby turning danger into safety. Fortunately, Liù Sì is a humble and well-liked individual, forming a supportive network:
- It corresponds with Chū Jiǔ (初九),
- It is closely connected to Jiǔ Sān (九三),
- It is supported by Jiǔ Wǔ (九五), the ruler, which ultimately helps in overcoming difficulties.
Transformation of the Fourth Line
When the fourth line moves, it transforms into Hexagram 43 – Guài (夬) – Breakthrough (Ze Tiān Guài, 泽天夬).
This hexagram consists of Qián (乾) below and Duì (兑) above.
- Qián (乾) symbolizes the sky and strength.
- Duì (兑) represents a marsh and joy.
The energy of the marsh rises and condenses into rain, which nourishes the land and all living things. In this hexagram, five yang lines expel one yin line, indicating an easy expulsion of negativity. The word Guài (夬) means “to break through” or “to decisively remove obstacles.”
Philosophical Meaning of the Fifth Line of the Hexagram Xū
Line 5: “Waiting with wine and food. Perseverance brings good fortune.”
Explanation of the Yáo (爻) Statement:
This line suggests waiting while enjoying wine and food, maintaining a firm and righteous attitude, leading to an auspicious outcome.
The fifth line, Jiǔ Wǔ (九五), is the primary ruler of Hexagram Xū. It is a yang line in the sovereign position, signifying balance and rightful authority.
Waiting can be a difficult and anxious experience, especially when facing danger or uncertainty about the future. Many people, in such situations, suffer from sleepless nights and overwhelming worry. However, Jiǔ Wǔ represents a mindset of calm resilience—remaining composed and enjoying life’s simple pleasures even in the face of adversity.
For those who receive this hexagram in divination, it suggests that they may soon attend a banquet or social gathering. They should maintain sincerity and righteousness in their interactions, as such occasions may bring beneficial connections and positive outcomes.
Since Jiǔ Wǔ holds the position of a ruler, it naturally has access to the pleasures of wine and food. However, these indulgences must be enjoyed with moral integrity to avoid downfall.
History provides many examples of rulers who succumbed to corruption due to excess. One such example is the legendary King Zhòu of the Shang dynasty, who began with great wisdom but gradually descended into decadence—starting with the use of ivory chopsticks and eventually creating a “lake of wine and a forest of meat” (酒池肉林, jiǔ chí ròu lín), leading to the collapse of his kingdom. This serves as a warning: pleasure must be grounded in virtue to remain auspicious.
Transformation of the Fifth Line
When the fifth line moves, it transforms into Hexagram 11 – Tài (泰) – Peace (Dì Tiān Tài, 地天泰).
This hexagram consists of Qián (乾) below and Kūn (坤) above.
- Qián (乾) represents heaven and yang energy.
- Kūn (坤) symbolizes the earth and yin energy.
Here, yin and yang harmonize, with heaven and earth communicating fluidly. This alignment fosters prosperity and abundance, signaling a time of great harmony. However, the reverse of this condition can lead to conflict and decline. The essence of Tài is to adapt to the times (应时而变, yīng shí ér biàn), ensuring continued balance and growth.
Philosophical Meaning of the Sixth Line of the Hexagram Xū
Line 6: “Entering the cave. Unexpected guests arrive—three in number. Show them respect, and good fortune will follow.”
Explanation of the Yáo (爻) Statement:
- Unexpected guests (不速之客, bù sù zhī kè): Refers to uninvited visitors.
- Three (三, sān): In ancient Chinese symbolism, the number three often represents “many” rather than a literal count.
This line describes someone entering a cave and encountering several unexpected visitors. If they treat these guests with respect, the outcome will be favorable.
The sixth line (Shàng Liù, 上六) is at the top of Hexagram Xū, positioned within Hexagram Kǎn (坎), which represents caves. Thus, Shàng Liù symbolizes entering a cave. Since it is a yin line in a receptive position, it is considered “properly positioned” (得位, dé wèi) and can find stability within its situation.
The imagery of “entering the cave” (入于穴, rù yú xué) comes from the transformation of this hexagram. Originally, the upper trigram in Hexagram Dà Zhuàng (大壮) was Zhèn (震) – Thunder, which does not suggest a cave. However, upon transforming into Hexagram Xū, the upper trigram became Kǎn (坎) – Water, which carries the meaning of a cave or underground dwelling.
The “three unexpected guests” refer to the three yang lines in the lower trigram, which embody strength and perseverance as they travel across the great river—symbolized by the upper trigram Kǎn. This suggests that Shàng Liù will inevitably encounter these powerful figures.
Transformation of the Sixth Line
When the sixth line moves, it transforms into Hexagram 9 – Xiǎo Chù (小畜) – Small Accumulation (Fēng Tiān Xiǎo Chù, 风天小畜).
This hexagram consists of Qián (乾) below and Xùn (巽) above.
- Qián (乾) symbolizes heaven.
- Xùn (巽) represents wind.
The interaction of these two trigrams suggests gentle accumulation and gradual development. The wind carefully cultivates and nourishes the earth, signifying a time of steady but limited progress. Though the power may not yet be sufficient for major achievements, it indicates a period of preparation and patience before larger accomplishments can be realized.